^ O.W. Holmes, Jr., The Common Law 95 (Boston, Little, Brown & Co. 1881) (“The requirement of an act is the requirement that the defendant should have made a choice. But the only possible purpose of introducing this moral element is to make the power of avoiding the evil complained of a condition of liability. There is no such power where the evil cannot be foreseen.”); see also Yaffe, supra note 359, at 451 (arguing that if an agent causes an event “in a freakish or unpredictable way . . . the agent d[oes] not enjoy even a thin sense of control over the event”); Stephen R. Perry, Responsibility for Outcomes, Risk, and the Law of Torts, in Philosophy and the Law of Torts, supra note 17, at 73–82 (developing such a view, and applying it to tort liability, at greater length); Scanlon, supra note 66, at 248–94 (proposing a broadly similar view, in moral theory, about the relationship between avoidability and responsibility).
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